High School Science Arizona Standards

Evolution

Genetics

Cells & Organisms

Ecosystems

High School Life Sciences

The Universe and its Stars

Earth and the Solar System

Earth's Place in the Universe

Earth and Human Activity

Earth's Systems

Roles of Water in Earth's Surface Processes

Weather & Climate

High School Earth and Space Sciences

Energy & Waves

Motion & Stability – Forces & Interactions

High School Physics

Nuclear Processes and Applications of Chemistry

Chemical Reactions

Structures and Properties of Matter

High School Chemistry

Develop and use models to explain the interdependency and interactions between cellular organelles.

Analyze and interpret data that demonstrates the relationship between cellular function and the diversity of protein functions.

Develop and use models to show how transport mechanisms function in cells.

Develop and use models to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms (plant and animal).

Develop and use a model to communicate how a cell copies genetic information to make new cells during asexual reproduction (mitosis).

Develop a model showing the relationship between limiting factors and carrying capacity, and use the model to make predictions on how environmental changes impact biodiversity.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy through trophic levels in an ecosystem.

Develop and use models to develop a scientific explanation that illustrates how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy and how cellular respiration breaks down macromolecules for use in metabolic processes.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain the variation that occurs through meiosis and calculate the distribution of expressed traits in a population.

Construct an explanation for how the structure of DNA and RNA determine the structure of proteins that perform essential life functions.

Analyze and interpret data on how mutations can lead to increased genetic variation in a population.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate multiple lines of empirical evidence to explain the change in genetic composition of a population over successive generations.

Construct an explanation based on scientific evidence that the process of natural selection can lead to adaption.

Engage in argument from evidence that changes in environmental conditions or human interventions may change species diversity in an ecosystem.

Develop and use models to demonstrate how changes in the number of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons) affect the identity, stability, and properties of the element.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate the qualitative evidence supporting claims about how atoms absorb and emit energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.

Analyze and interpret data to develop and support an explanation for the relationships between kinetic molecular theory and gas laws.

Develop and use models to predict and explain forces within and between molecules.

Plan and carry out investigations to test predictions of the outcomes of various reactions, based on patterns of physical and chemical properties.

Construct an explanation, design a solution, or refine the design of a chemical system in equilibrium to maximize production.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to determine stoichiometric relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions.

Engage in argument from evidence regarding the ethical, social, economic, and/or political benefits and liabilities of fission, fusion, and radioactive decay.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the Sun's energy transfers between Earth's systems.

Develop and use models to describe how variations in the flow of energy into and out of Earth's systems result in changes in climate.

Analyze geoscience data and the results from global climate models to make evidence-based predictions of current rate and scale of global or regional climate changes.

Analyze and interpret geoscience data to make the claim that dynamic interactions with Earth's surface can create feedbacks that cause changes to other Earth systems.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on the effect of water on Earth's materials, surface processes, and groundwater systems.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information of the theory of plate tectonics to explain the differences in age, structure, and composition of Earth's crust.

Engage in argument from evidence of ancient Earth materials, meteorites, and other planetary surfaces to explain Earth's formation and early history.

Develop and use models to illustrate how Earth's internal and surface processes operate over time to form, modify, and recycle continental and ocean floor features.

Ask questions, define problems, and evaluate a solution to a complex problem, based on prioritized criteria and tradeoffs, that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics, as well as possible social, cultural, and environmental impacts.

Develop and use a quantitative model to illustrate the relationship among Earth systems and the degree to which those relationships are being modified due to human activity.

Construct an explanation, based on evidence, for how the availability of natural resources, occurrence of natural hazards, and changes in climate have influenced human activity.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate scientific information about the way stars, throughout their stellar stages, produce elements and energy.

Analyze and interpret data showing how gravitational forces are influenced by mass, and the distance between objects.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain the movement of planets and objects in the solar system.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on how the nebular theory explains solar system formation with distinct regions characterized by different types of planetary and other bodies.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about patterns of size and scale of our solar system, our galaxy, and the universe.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate the impact of technology on human understanding of the formation, scale, and composition of the universe.

Plan and carry out investigations to design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to demonstrate that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current.

Develop and use mathematical models of Newton's law of gravitation and Coulomb's law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects.

Develop a mathematical model, using Newton's laws, to predict the motion of an object or system in two dimensions (projectile and circular motion).

Engage in argument from evidence regarding the claim that the total momentum of a system is conserved when there is no net force on the system.

Design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes or maximizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision.

Analyze and interpret data to quantitatively describe changes in energy within a system and/or energy flows in and out of a system.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain the relationships between power, current, voltage, and resistance.

Design, evaluate, and refine a device that works within given constraints to transfer energy within a system.

Analyze and interpret data to determine how energy from the Sun affects weather patterns and climate.

Develop and use models of the Earth that explains the role of energy and matter in Earth's constantly changing internal and external systems (geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere).

Evaluate explanations and theories about the role of energy and matter in geologic changes over time.

Engage in argument from evidence about the availability of natural resources, occurrence of natural hazards, changes in climate, and human activity and how they influence each other.

Construct an explanation based on evidence to illustrate the role of nuclear fusion in the life cycle of a star.

Construct an explanation of how gravitational forces impact the evolution of planetary motion, structure, surfaces, atmospheres, moons, and rings.

Construct an explanation of the origin, expansion, and scale of the universe based on astronomical evidence.

Ask questions and/or make predictions based on observations and evidence to demonstrate how cellular organization, structure, and function allow organisms to maintain homeostasis.

Construct an explanation for how cellular division (mitosis) is the process by which organisms grow and maintain complex, interconnected systems.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate the ethical, social, economic and/or political implications of the detection and treatment of abnormal cell function.

Develop and use models that show how changes in the transfer of matter and energy within an ecosystem and interactions between species may affect organisms and their environment.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate data showing the relationship of photosynthesis and cellular respiration; flow of energy and cycling of matter.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate about the positive and negative ethical, social, economic, and political implications of human activity on the biodiversity of an ecosystem.

Construct an explanation of how the process of sexual reproduction contributes to genetic variation.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the causes and implications of DNA mutation.

Engage in argument from evidence regarding the ethical, social, economic, and/or political implications of a current genetic technology.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate evidence that describes how changes in frequency of inherited traits in a population can lead to biological diversity.

Gather, evaluate, and communicate multiple lines of empirical evidence to explain the mechanisms of biological evolution.

Develop and use models to explain the relationship of the structure of atoms to patterns and properties observed in the Periodic Table and describe how these models are revised with new evidence.

Develop and use models for the transfer or sharing of electrons to predict the formation of ions, molecules, and compounds in both natural and synthetic processes.

Ask questions, plan, and carry out investigations to explore the cause and effect relationship between reaction rate factors.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how the use of chemistry related technologies have had positive and negative ethical, social, economic, and/or political implications.

Construct an explanation for a field's strength and influence on an object (electric, gravitational, magnetic).

Collect, analyze and interpret data regarding the change in motion of an object or system in one dimension, to construct an explanation using Newton's Laws.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain how Newton's laws are used in engineering and technologies to create products to serve human ends.

Construct an explanation about the relationships among the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling in various media, and their applications to modern technology.

Engage in argument from evidence that the net change of energy in a system is always equal to the total energy exchanged between the system and the surroundings.

Engage in argument from evidence regarding the ethical, social, economic, and/or political benefits and liabilities of energy usage and transfer.

History

Key tools and representations such as Google Earth, story mapping, wayfaring apps, and other geospatial technologies

Key tools and representations such as maps, remotely sensed and other images, tables, and graphs

Geography

Economics

Civics

Disciplinary Skills and Processes

Civic virtues and democratic principles are key components of the American political system.

Explain the significance of civic virtues to a well-functioning constitutional republic.

Evaluate how society and political systems in different contexts promote civic virtue and democratic principles established by the founding documents.

Explain and use deliberative processes implemented in various civic and political institutions.

Analyze the evolution of civic virtues, democratic principles, constitutional rights, and human rights.

Citizens have individual rights, roles, and responsibilities.

Explain the importance of individual participation in civic and political institutions.

Analyze the role of citizens in the United States political system over time and compare this to the role of citizens in other political systems.

Evaluate the evolution of ideals and rights established in historical documents, legislation, executive actions, and court cases.

Analyze the responsibilities of citizens.

Compare the rights guaranteed in Arizona Constitution to those in the United States Constitution.

Evaluate the contributions of individuals and groups, including Arizonans, who have played a role in promoting civic and democratic principles.

An understanding of civic and political institutions in society and the principles these institutions are intended to reflect including knowledge about law, politics, and government are essential to effective citizenship.

Examine how the United States Constitution established a system of government that has powers, responsibilities, and limits and analyze how those powers, responsibilities, and limits have changed over time.

Analyze the origins, functions, and structures of government at the national, state, local, and tribal levels and compare with other systems of government.

Analyze the impact of political parties, interest groups, elections, and the media on political institutions.

Analyze the impact of constitutions, laws, treaties, charters, and agreements on the maintenance of international order.

Process, rules, and laws direct how individuals are governed and how society addresses problems.

Evaluate multiple procedures for making governmental decisions in all three branches and at the local, state, tribal, national, and international levels in terms of the civic purpose achieved.

Evaluate local, state, national, and international policies in terms of intended and unintended outcomes and related consequences.

Explain the procedures for elections at the local, state, tribal, and national levels.

Analyze the purpose, process, implementation, and consequences of decision making and public policies in multiple settings and at various levels.

Use disciplinary and interdisciplinary lenses to understand the characteristics and causes of local, regional, and global problems, instances of such problems in multiple contexts, and challenges and opportunities faced by those trying to address these problems over time and place.

Assess options for action to address local, regional, and global problems by engaging in self- reflection, strategy identification, and complex causal reasoning.

Apply a range of deliberative and democratic strategies and procedures to make decisions in the classroom, school, and out-of-school civic contexts.

A financially literate individual understands how to manage income, spending, and investment.

Evaluate how and why people make choices to improve their economic well-being.

Analyze the factors that influence how and why people make budgeting and saving choices.

Evaluate the cost and benefits of using credit.

Compare the cost and benefits of several types of investments.

Evaluate the ways insurance may minimize personal financial risk.

By applying economic reasoning, individuals seek to understand the decisions of people, groups, and societies.

Explain how scarcity results in economic decisions and evaluate their impact on individuals, institutions, and societies.

Analyze how incentives influence economic choices for individuals, institutions, and societies.

Use cost-benefit analysis and/or marginal analysis to evaluate an economic issue.

Individuals and institutions are interdependent within market systems.

Explain how buyers and sellers interact to create markets and market structures.

Evaluate how numerous factors and conditions influence market prices.

Evaluate the role of government in regulating market places.

Explain the distinct types of business organizations and analyze the role of innovation and entrepreneurship in a market economy.

The domestic economy is shaped by interactions between government, institutions, and the private sector.

Use economic data to analyze the health of a national economy.

Evaluate the economic conditions that lead to fiscal and monetary policy choices and explain their impact on households and businesses.

Explain the roles of institutions in a market economy.

Explain the effect of advancements in technology and training on economic growth and standards of living.

The interconnected global economy impacts all individuals and groups in significant and varied ways.

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of global trade.

Evaluate how interdependence impacts individuals, institutions, and societies.

Explain why nations chose to trade and how it is regulated.

Explain how national economies influence trade.

The use of geographic representations and tools help individuals understand their world.

Use geographic data to explain and analyze relationships between locations of place and regions.

Use geospatial tools and related technologies to construct relevant geographic data to explain spatial patterns and relationships.

Examining human population and movement helps individuals understand past, present, and future conditions on Earth’s surface.

Analyze the reciprocal nature of how historical events and the diffusion of ideas, technologies, and cultural practices have influenced migration patterns and the distribution of human population

Evaluate the impact of economic activities and political decisions on spatial patterns within and among urban, suburban, and rural regions.

Evaluate the influence of long-term climate variability on human migration and settlement patterns, resource use, and land uses at local-to-global scales.

Evaluate the consequences of human-made and natural catastrophes on global trade, politics, and human migration settlement.

Evaluate the impact of social, political, and economic decisions that have caused conflict or promoted cooperation throughout time.

Global interconnections and spatial patterns are a necessary part of geographic reasoning.

Take an active stance on a geographic issue reflecting its scale (local, regional, state, national, or global)

Analyze patterns of global power and influence in respect to trade, demographics, politics, and resource availability and use.

Analyze patterns of interdependence.

The development of civilizations, societies, cultures, and innovations have influenced history and continue to impact the modern world.

Explain the process of state-building, expansion, and dissolution.

Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental factors influenced state-building, expansion, and dissolution.

Evaluate the consequences that resulted from civilizational and cultural interactions.

Analyze the impact of cultural diffusion.

Explain how religions and belief systems have affected the origins of societies.

Analyze the relationship among different regional, social, ethnic, and racial groups and explain how these groups’ experiences have related to national identities.

Analyze how technological innovation and trade has affected economic development and transformed societies.

Cycles of conflict and cooperation have shaped relations among people, places, and environments.

Explain multiple causes of conflict.

Analyze approaches to conflict management and resolution.

Evaluate the short- and long- term impacts of conflicts and their resolutions.

Compare causes and effects of isolationism and globalism.

Patterns of social and political interactions have shaped people, places, and events throughout history and continue to shape the modern world.

Examine how historically marginalized groups have affected change on political and social institutions.

Explain how artistic, philosophical, and scientific ideas have developed and shaped society and institutions.

Examine how access to information and technology has been used to influence society.

Examine how a diverse society can be a force for unity and/or disunity.

Chronological reasoning requires understanding processes of change and continuity over time, which means assessing similarities and differences between historical periods and between the past and present.

Evaluate how events and developments were shaped by unique circumstances of time and place as well as broader contexts.

Analyze change and continuity in historical eras.

Evaluate the significance of past events as they relate to their own lives and the world.

Use compelling questions generated about individuals and groups to assess how the significance of their actions changes over time and is shaped by the historical context.

Thinking within the discipline involves the ability to identify, compare, and evaluate multiple perspectives about a given event to draw conclusions since there are multiple points of view about events and issues.

Analyze how contexts shaped and continue to shape people’s perspectives.

Analyze the ways in which perspective shapes recorded history.

Demonstrate historical empathy when examining individuals or groups in the past whose perspectives might be very different from those held today.

Historians and Social Scientists gather, interpret, and use evidence to develop claims and answer historical, economic, geographical, and political questions and communicate their conclusions.

Develop and frame questions about issues and events in the discipline and determine the types of sources that will be helpful in answering these questions.

Gather relevant information from multiple sources representing a wide range of views while using origin, authority, structure, context, and corroborative value of the source to guide the selection.

Analyze the relationship between primary sources and the secondary interpretations made from them including possible limitations in various kinds of evidence and differing secondary interpretations.

Evaluate the credibility of a source by examining how experts value the source.

Use questions generated about multiple historical sources to pursue further inquiry and investigate additional sources.

Construct and present arguments using precise and knowledgeable claims, with evidence from multiple sources, while acknowledging counterclaims and evidentiary weaknesses.

Construct and present explanations using sound reasoning, correct sequence (linear and non-linear) examples, and details with significant and pertinent information and data, while acknowledging the strengths and weaknesses of the explanation

Present arguments and explanations that feature ideas and perspectives on issues and topics to reach a range of audiences and venues using print, oral, and digital technologies.

Thinking within the discipline involves the ability to analyze relationships among causes and effects and to create and support arguments using relevant evidence.

Analyze multiple and complex causes and effects of events in the past and present.

Distinguish between long-term causes and triggering events in developing an argument.

Integrate evidence from multiple relevant sources and interpretations into a reasoned argument.

Compare the central arguments in secondary works on related topics in multiple media. Critique the central arguments in secondary works on related topics in multiple media in terms of their accuracy and relevance.

Human-environment interactions are essential aspects of human life in all societies.

Analyze interactions within and between human and physical systems.

Evaluate how political and economic decisions throughout time have influenced cultural and environmental characteristics of various places and regions.

Evaluate the impact of human settlement on the environment and culture of specific places and regions.

Evaluate the use and sustainability of natural resources.

Economic, political, and religious ideas and institutions have influenced history and continue to shape the modern world.

Analyze how societies, leaders, institutions, and organizations respond to societal needs and changes.

Analyze how ideologies, religion, and belief systems have influenced economic, political, and social institutions over time.

Compare the ways in which economic philosophies influenced political, economic, and social developments.

Evaluate how societies have balanced individual freedoms, responsibilities, and human dignity versus the common good.

Explain how different labor systems developed and affected societies over time.

Concept: Algorithms and Programming (AP)

Subconcept: Algorithms (A)

Create prototypes that use algorithms for practical intent, personal expression, or to address a societal issue

Subconcept: Control (C)

Justify the selection of specific control structures and explain the benefits and drawbacks of choices made, when tradeoffs involve readability and program performance.

Use events that initiate instructions to design and iteratively develop computational artifacts

Subconcept: Modularity (M)

Decompose problems into smaller components using constructs such as procedures, modules, and/or objects.

Use procedures within a program, combinations of data and procedures, or independent but interrelated programs to design and iteratively develop computational artifacts.

Subconcept: Program Development (PD)

Document design decisions using text, graphics, presentations, and/or demonstrations in the development of complex programs.

Evaluate and refine computational artifacts to make them more usable and accessible.

Use team roles and collaborative tools to design and iteratively develop computational artifacts.

Subconcept: Variables (V)

Use lists to simplify solutions, generalizing computational problems instead of repeatedly using simple variables.

Concept: Computing Systems (CS)

Subconcept: Devices (D)

Explain how abstractions hide the underlying implementation details of computing systems embedded in everyday objects.

Subconcept: Hardware and Software (HS)

Describe levels of abstraction and interactions between application software, system software, and hardware layers.

Subconcept: Troubleshooting (T)

Develop guidelines that convey systematic troubleshooting strategies that others can use to identify and fix errors.

Concept: Data and Analysis (DA)

Subconcept: Collection, Visualization and Transformation (CVT)

Create interactive data visualizations using software tools to help others better understand real-world phenomena.

Subconcept: Inference and Models (IM)

Analyze computational models to better understand real-world phenomena.

Subconcept: Storage (S)

Translate between different bit representations of real-world phenomena, such as characters, numbers, and images.

Evaluate the tradeoffs in how and where data is stored.

Concept: Impacts of Computing (IC)

Subconcept: Culture (C)

Evaluate the ways access to computing impacts personal, ethical, social, economic, and cultural practices.

Test and refine computational artifacts to reduce bias and equity deficits.

Demonstrate ways a given algorithm applies to problems across disciplines.

Subconcept: Social Interactions (SI)

Analyze the impact of collaborative tools and methods that increase social connectivity.

Subconcept: Safety, Law, and Ethics (SLE)

Explain the beneficial and harmful effects that intellectual property laws can have on innovation.

Explain the privacy concerns related to the collection and generation of data through automated processes that may not be evident to users.

Evaluate the social and economic implications of privacy in the context of safety, law, or ethics.

Concept: Networks and the Internet (NI)

Subconcept: Cybersecurity (C)

Describe how sensitive data can be affected by malware and other attacks.

Recommend security measures to address various scenarios based on factors such as efficiency, feasibility, and ethical impacts.

Compare various security measures, considering tradeoffs between the usability and security of a computing system.

Subconcept: Network, Communication, and Organization (NCO)

Evaluate the scalability and reliability of networks, by describing the relationship between routers, switches, servers, topology, and addressing.